add

ccxt/static_dependencies/sympy/external/gmpy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+import os
+from ctypes import c_long, sizeof
+from functools import reduce
+from typing import Tuple as tTuple, Type
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .importtools import import_module
+
+from .pythonmpq import PythonMPQ
+
+from .ntheory import (
+    # bit_scan1 as python_bit_scan1,
+    # bit_scan0 as python_bit_scan0,
+    # remove as python_remove,
+    # factorial as python_factorial,
+    # sqrt as python_sqrt,
+    # sqrtrem as python_sqrtrem,
+    # gcd as python_gcd,
+    # lcm as python_lcm,
+    gcdext as python_gcdext,
+    # is_square as python_is_square,
+    # invert as python_invert,
+    # legendre as python_legendre,
+    # jacobi as python_jacobi,
+    # kronecker as python_kronecker,
+    # iroot as python_iroot,
+    # is_fermat_prp as python_is_fermat_prp,
+    # is_euler_prp as python_is_euler_prp,
+    # is_strong_prp as python_is_strong_prp,
+    # is_fibonacci_prp as python_is_fibonacci_prp,
+    # is_lucas_prp as python_is_lucas_prp,
+    # is_selfridge_prp as python_is_selfridge_prp,
+    # is_strong_lucas_prp as python_is_strong_lucas_prp,
+    # is_strong_selfridge_prp as python_is_strong_selfridge_prp,
+    # is_bpsw_prp as python_is_bpsw_prp,
+    # is_strong_bpsw_prp as python_is_strong_bpsw_prp,
+)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # GROUND_TYPES is either 'gmpy' or 'python' depending on which is used. If
+    # gmpy is installed then it will be used unless the environment variable
+    # SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES is set to something other than 'auto', 'gmpy', or
+    # 'gmpy2'.
+    'GROUND_TYPES',
+
+    # If HAS_GMPY is 0, no supported version of gmpy is available. Otherwise,
+    # HAS_GMPY will be 2 for gmpy2 if GROUND_TYPES is 'gmpy'. It used to be
+    # possible for HAS_GMPY to be 1 for gmpy but gmpy is no longer supported.
+    'HAS_GMPY',
+
+    # SYMPY_INTS is a tuple containing the base types for valid integer types.
+    # This is either (int,) or (int, type(mpz(0))) depending on GROUND_TYPES.
+    'SYMPY_INTS',
+
+    # MPQ is either gmpy.mpq or the Python equivalent from
+    # sympy.external.pythonmpq
+    'MPQ',
+
+    # MPZ is either gmpy.mpz or int.
+    'MPZ',
+
+    # 'bit_scan1',
+    # 'bit_scan0',
+    # 'remove',
+    # 'factorial',
+    # 'sqrt',
+    # 'is_square',
+    # 'sqrtrem',
+    # 'gcd',
+    # 'lcm',
+    'gcdext',
+    # 'invert',
+    # 'legendre',
+    # 'jacobi',
+    # 'kronecker',
+    # 'iroot',
+    # 'is_fermat_prp',
+    # 'is_euler_prp',
+    # 'is_strong_prp',
+    # 'is_fibonacci_prp',
+    # 'is_lucas_prp',
+    # 'is_selfridge_prp',
+    # 'is_strong_lucas_prp',
+    # 'is_strong_selfridge_prp',
+    # 'is_bpsw_prp',
+    # 'is_strong_bpsw_prp',
+]
+
+
+#
+# Tested python-flint version. Future versions might work but we will only use
+# them if explicitly requested by SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES=flint.
+#
+_PYTHON_FLINT_VERSION_NEEDED = "0.6.*"
+
+
+def _flint_version_okay(flint_version):
+    flint_ver = flint_version.split('.')[:2]
+    needed_ver = _PYTHON_FLINT_VERSION_NEEDED.split('.')[:2]
+    return flint_ver == needed_ver
+
+#
+# We will only use gmpy2 >= 2.0.0
+#
+_GMPY2_MIN_VERSION = '2.0.0'
+
+
+def _get_flint(sympy_ground_types):
+    if sympy_ground_types not in ('auto', 'flint'):
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        import flint
+        # Earlier versions of python-flint may not have __version__.
+        from flint import __version__ as _flint_version
+    except ImportError:
+        if sympy_ground_types == 'flint':
+            warn("SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES was set to flint but python-flint is not "
+                 "installed. Falling back to other ground types.")
+        return None
+
+    if _flint_version_okay(_flint_version):
+        return flint
+    elif sympy_ground_types == 'auto':
+        warn(f"python-flint {_flint_version} is installed but only version "
+             f"{_PYTHON_FLINT_VERSION_NEEDED} will be used by default. "
+             f"Falling back to other ground types. Use "
+             f"SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES=flint to force the use of python-flint.")
+        return None
+    else:
+        warn(f"Using python-flint {_flint_version} because SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES "
+             f"is set to flint but this version of SymPy has only been tested "
+             f"with python-flint {_PYTHON_FLINT_VERSION_NEEDED}.")
+        return flint
+
+
+def _get_gmpy2(sympy_ground_types):
+    if sympy_ground_types not in ('auto', 'gmpy', 'gmpy2'):
+        return None
+
+    gmpy = import_module('gmpy2', min_module_version=_GMPY2_MIN_VERSION,
+            module_version_attr='version', module_version_attr_call_args=())
+
+    if sympy_ground_types != 'auto' and gmpy is None:
+        warn("gmpy2 library is not installed, switching to 'python' ground types")
+
+    return gmpy
+
+
+#
+# SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES can be flint, gmpy, gmpy2, python or auto (default)
+#
+_SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = os.environ.get('SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES', 'auto').lower()
+_flint = None
+_gmpy = None
+
+#
+# First handle auto-detection of flint/gmpy2. We will prefer flint if available
+# or otherwise gmpy2 if available and then lastly the python types.
+#
+if _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES in ('auto', 'flint'):
+    _flint = _get_flint(_SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES)
+    if _flint is not None:
+        _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = 'flint'
+    else:
+        _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = 'auto'
+
+if _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES in ('auto', 'gmpy', 'gmpy2'):
+    _gmpy = _get_gmpy2(_SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES)
+    if _gmpy is not None:
+        _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = 'gmpy'
+    else:
+        _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = 'python'
+
+if _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES not in ('flint', 'gmpy', 'python'):
+    warn("SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES environment variable unrecognised. "
+         "Should be 'auto', 'flint', 'gmpy', 'gmpy2' or 'python'.")
+    _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES = 'python'
+
+#
+# At this point _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES is either flint, gmpy or python. The blocks
+# below define the values exported by this module in each case.
+#
+
+#
+# In gmpy2 and flint, there are functions that take a long (or unsigned long)
+# argument. That is, it is not possible to input a value larger than that.
+#
+LONG_MAX = (1 << (8*sizeof(c_long) - 1)) - 1
+
+#
+# Type checkers are confused by what SYMPY_INTS is. There may be a better type
+# hint for this like Type[Integral] or something.
+#
+SYMPY_INTS: tTuple[Type, ...]
+
+if _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES == 'gmpy':
+
+    assert _gmpy is not None
+
+    flint = None
+    gmpy = _gmpy
+
+    HAS_GMPY = 2
+    GROUND_TYPES = 'gmpy'
+    SYMPY_INTS = (int, type(gmpy.mpz(0)))
+    MPZ = gmpy.mpz
+    MPQ = gmpy.mpq
+
+    # bit_scan1 = gmpy.bit_scan1
+    # bit_scan0 = gmpy.bit_scan0
+    # remove = gmpy.remove
+    # factorial = gmpy.fac
+    # sqrt = gmpy.isqrt
+    # is_square = gmpy.is_square
+    # sqrtrem = gmpy.isqrt_rem
+    # gcd = gmpy.gcd
+    # lcm = gmpy.lcm
+    gcdext = gmpy.gcdext
+    # invert = gmpy.invert
+    # legendre = gmpy.legendre
+    # jacobi = gmpy.jacobi
+    # kronecker = gmpy.kronecker
+
+    # def iroot(x, n):
+    #     # In the latest gmpy2, the threshold for n is ULONG_MAX,
+    #     # but adjust to the older one.
+    #     if n <= LONG_MAX:
+    #         return gmpy.iroot(x, n)
+    #     return python_iroot(x, n)
+
+    # is_fermat_prp = gmpy.is_fermat_prp
+    # is_euler_prp = gmpy.is_euler_prp
+    # is_strong_prp = gmpy.is_strong_prp
+    # is_fibonacci_prp = gmpy.is_fibonacci_prp
+    # is_lucas_prp = gmpy.is_lucas_prp
+    # is_selfridge_prp = gmpy.is_selfridge_prp
+    # is_strong_lucas_prp = gmpy.is_strong_lucas_prp
+    # is_strong_selfridge_prp = gmpy.is_strong_selfridge_prp
+    # is_bpsw_prp = gmpy.is_bpsw_prp
+    # is_strong_bpsw_prp = gmpy.is_strong_bpsw_prp
+
+elif _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES == 'flint':
+
+    assert _flint is not None
+
+    flint = _flint
+    gmpy = None
+
+    HAS_GMPY = 0
+    GROUND_TYPES = 'flint'
+    SYMPY_INTS = (int, flint.fmpz) # type: ignore
+    MPZ = flint.fmpz # type: ignore
+    MPQ = flint.fmpq # type: ignore
+
+    # bit_scan1 = python_bit_scan1
+    # bit_scan0 = python_bit_scan0
+    # remove = python_remove
+    # factorial = python_factorial
+
+    # def sqrt(x):
+    #     return flint.fmpz(x).isqrt()
+
+    # def is_square(x):
+    #     if x < 0:
+    #         return False
+    #     return flint.fmpz(x).sqrtrem()[1] == 0
+
+    # def sqrtrem(x):
+    #     return flint.fmpz(x).sqrtrem()
+
+    # def gcd(*args):
+    #     return reduce(flint.fmpz.gcd, args, flint.fmpz(0))
+
+    # def lcm(*args):
+    #     return reduce(flint.fmpz.lcm, args, flint.fmpz(1))
+
+    gcdext = python_gcdext
+    # invert = python_invert
+    # legendre = python_legendre
+
+    # def jacobi(x, y):
+    #     if y <= 0 or not y % 2:
+    #         raise ValueError("y should be an odd positive integer")
+    #     return flint.fmpz(x).jacobi(y)
+
+    # kronecker = python_kronecker
+
+    # def iroot(x, n):
+    #     if n <= LONG_MAX:
+    #         y = flint.fmpz(x).root(n)
+    #         return y, y**n == x
+    #     return python_iroot(x, n)
+
+    # is_fermat_prp = python_is_fermat_prp
+    # is_euler_prp = python_is_euler_prp
+    # is_strong_prp = python_is_strong_prp
+    # is_fibonacci_prp = python_is_fibonacci_prp
+    # is_lucas_prp = python_is_lucas_prp
+    # is_selfridge_prp = python_is_selfridge_prp
+    # is_strong_lucas_prp = python_is_strong_lucas_prp
+    # is_strong_selfridge_prp = python_is_strong_selfridge_prp
+    # is_bpsw_prp = python_is_bpsw_prp
+    # is_strong_bpsw_prp = python_is_strong_bpsw_prp
+
+elif _SYMPY_GROUND_TYPES == 'python':
+
+    flint = None
+    gmpy = None
+
+    HAS_GMPY = 0
+    GROUND_TYPES = 'python'
+    SYMPY_INTS = (int,)
+    MPZ = int
+    MPQ = PythonMPQ
+
+    # bit_scan1 = python_bit_scan1
+    # bit_scan0 = python_bit_scan0
+    # remove = python_remove
+    # factorial = python_factorial
+    # sqrt = python_sqrt
+    # is_square = python_is_square
+    # sqrtrem = python_sqrtrem
+    # gcd = python_gcd
+    # lcm = python_lcm
+    gcdext = python_gcdext
+    # invert = python_invert
+    # legendre = python_legendre
+    # jacobi = python_jacobi
+    # kronecker = python_kronecker
+    # iroot = python_iroot
+    # is_fermat_prp = python_is_fermat_prp
+    # is_euler_prp = python_is_euler_prp
+    # is_strong_prp = python_is_strong_prp
+    # is_fibonacci_prp = python_is_fibonacci_prp
+    # is_lucas_prp = python_is_lucas_prp
+    # is_selfridge_prp = python_is_selfridge_prp
+    # is_strong_lucas_prp = python_is_strong_lucas_prp
+    # is_strong_selfridge_prp = python_is_strong_selfridge_prp
+    # is_bpsw_prp = python_is_bpsw_prp
+    # is_strong_bpsw_prp = python_is_strong_bpsw_prp
+
+else:
+    assert False

ccxt/static_dependencies/sympy/external/importtools.py

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+"""Tools to assist importing optional external modules."""
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+# Override these in the module to change the default warning behavior.
+# For example, you might set both to False before running the tests so that
+# warnings are not printed to the console, or set both to True for debugging.
+
+WARN_NOT_INSTALLED = None  # Default is False
+WARN_OLD_VERSION = None  # Default is True
+
+
+def __sympy_debug():
+    # helper function from sympy/__init__.py
+    # We don't just import SYMPY_DEBUG from that file because we don't want to
+    # import all of SymPy just to use this module.
+    import os
+    debug_str = os.getenv('SYMPY_DEBUG', 'False')
+    if debug_str in ('True', 'False'):
+        return eval(debug_str)
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("unrecognized value for SYMPY_DEBUG: %s" %
+                           debug_str)
+
+if __sympy_debug():
+    WARN_OLD_VERSION = True
+    WARN_NOT_INSTALLED = True
+
+
+_component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.)', re.VERBOSE)
+
+def version_tuple(vstring):
+    # Parse a version string to a tuple e.g. '1.2' -> (1, 2)
+    # Simplified from distutils.version.LooseVersion which was deprecated in
+    # Python 3.10.
+    components = []
+    for x in _component_re.split(vstring):
+        if x and x != '.':
+            try:
+                x = int(x)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            components.append(x)
+    return tuple(components)
+
+
+def import_module(module, min_module_version=None, min_python_version=None,
+        warn_not_installed=None, warn_old_version=None,
+        module_version_attr='__version__', module_version_attr_call_args=None,
+        import_kwargs={}, catch=()):
+    """
+    Import and return a module if it is installed.
+
+    If the module is not installed, it returns None.
+
+    A minimum version for the module can be given as the keyword argument
+    min_module_version.  This should be comparable against the module version.
+    By default, module.__version__ is used to get the module version.  To
+    override this, set the module_version_attr keyword argument.  If the
+    attribute of the module to get the version should be called (e.g.,
+    module.version()), then set module_version_attr_call_args to the args such
+    that module.module_version_attr(*module_version_attr_call_args) returns the
+    module's version.
+
+    If the module version is less than min_module_version using the Python <
+    comparison, None will be returned, even if the module is installed. You can
+    use this to keep from importing an incompatible older version of a module.
+
+    You can also specify a minimum Python version by using the
+    min_python_version keyword argument.  This should be comparable against
+    sys.version_info.
+
+    If the keyword argument warn_not_installed is set to True, the function will
+    emit a UserWarning when the module is not installed.
+
+    If the keyword argument warn_old_version is set to True, the function will
+    emit a UserWarning when the library is installed, but cannot be imported
+    because of the min_module_version or min_python_version options.
+
+    Note that because of the way warnings are handled, a warning will be
+    emitted for each module only once.  You can change the default warning
+    behavior by overriding the values of WARN_NOT_INSTALLED and WARN_OLD_VERSION
+    in sympy.external.importtools.  By default, WARN_NOT_INSTALLED is False and
+    WARN_OLD_VERSION is True.
+
+    This function uses __import__() to import the module.  To pass additional
+    options to __import__(), use the import_kwargs keyword argument.  For
+    example, to import a submodule A.B, you must pass a nonempty fromlist option
+    to __import__.  See the docstring of __import__().
+
+    This catches ImportError to determine if the module is not installed.  To
+    catch additional errors, pass them as a tuple to the catch keyword
+    argument.
+
+    Examples
+    ========
+
+    >>> from sympy.external import import_module
+
+    >>> numpy = import_module('numpy')
+
+    >>> numpy = import_module('numpy', min_python_version=(2, 7),
+    ... warn_old_version=False)
+
+    >>> numpy = import_module('numpy', min_module_version='1.5',
+    ... warn_old_version=False) # numpy.__version__ is a string
+
+    >>> # gmpy does not have __version__, but it does have gmpy.version()
+
+    >>> gmpy = import_module('gmpy', min_module_version='1.14',
+    ... module_version_attr='version', module_version_attr_call_args=(),
+    ... warn_old_version=False)
+
+    >>> # To import a submodule, you must pass a nonempty fromlist to
+    >>> # __import__().  The values do not matter.
+    >>> p3 = import_module('mpl_toolkits.mplot3d',
+    ... import_kwargs={'fromlist':['something']})
+
+    >>> # matplotlib.pyplot can raise RuntimeError when the display cannot be opened
+    >>> matplotlib = import_module('matplotlib',
+    ... import_kwargs={'fromlist':['pyplot']}, catch=(RuntimeError,))
+
+    """
+    # keyword argument overrides default, and global variable overrides
+    # keyword argument.
+    warn_old_version = (WARN_OLD_VERSION if WARN_OLD_VERSION is not None
+        else warn_old_version or True)
+    warn_not_installed = (WARN_NOT_INSTALLED if WARN_NOT_INSTALLED is not None
+        else warn_not_installed or False)
+
+    import warnings
+
+    # Check Python first so we don't waste time importing a module we can't use
+    if min_python_version:
+        if sys.version_info < min_python_version:
+            if warn_old_version:
+                warnings.warn("Python version is too old to use %s "
+                    "(%s or newer required)" % (
+                        module, '.'.join(map(str, min_python_version))),
+                    UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return
+
+    try:
+        mod = __import__(module, **import_kwargs)
+
+        ## there's something funny about imports with matplotlib and py3k. doing
+        ##    from matplotlib import collections
+        ## gives python's stdlib collections module. explicitly re-importing
+        ## the module fixes this.
+        from_list = import_kwargs.get('fromlist', ())
+        for submod in from_list:
+            if submod == 'collections' and mod.__name__ == 'matplotlib':
+                __import__(module + '.' + submod)
+    except ImportError:
+        if warn_not_installed:
+            warnings.warn("%s module is not installed" % module, UserWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2)
+        return
+    except catch as e:
+        if warn_not_installed:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "%s module could not be used (%s)" % (module, repr(e)),
+                stacklevel=2)
+        return
+
+    if min_module_version:
+        modversion = getattr(mod, module_version_attr)
+        if module_version_attr_call_args is not None:
+            modversion = modversion(*module_version_attr_call_args)
+        if version_tuple(modversion) < version_tuple(min_module_version):
+            if warn_old_version:
+                # Attempt to create a pretty string version of the version
+                if isinstance(min_module_version, str):
+                    verstr = min_module_version
+                elif isinstance(min_module_version, (tuple, list)):
+                    verstr = '.'.join(map(str, min_module_version))
+                else:
+                    # Either don't know what this is.  Hopefully
+                    # it's something that has a nice str version, like an int.
+                    verstr = str(min_module_version)
+                warnings.warn("%s version is too old to use "
+                    "(%s or newer required)" % (module, verstr),
+                    UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return
+
+    return mod

ccxt/static_dependencies/sympy/external/ntheory.py

@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+# sympy.external.ntheory
+#
+# This module provides pure Python implementations of some number theory
+# functions that are alternately used from gmpy2 if it is installed.
+
+import sys
+import math
+
+# import mpmath.libmp as mlib
+
+
+_small_trailing = [0] * 256
+for j in range(1, 8):
+    _small_trailing[1 << j :: 1 << (j + 1)] = [j] * (1 << (7 - j))
+
+
+# def bit_scan1(x, n=0):
+#     if not x:
+#         return
+#     x = abs(x >> n)
+#     low_byte = x & 0xFF
+#     if low_byte:
+#         return _small_trailing[low_byte] + n
+
+#     t = 8 + n
+#     x >>= 8
+#     # 2**m is quick for z up through 2**30
+#     z = x.bit_length() - 1
+#     if x == 1 << z:
+#         return z + t
+
+#     if z < 300:
+#         # fixed 8-byte reduction
+#         while not x & 0xFF:
+#             x >>= 8
+#             t += 8
+#     else:
+#         # binary reduction important when there might be a large
+#         # number of trailing 0s
+#         p = z >> 1
+#         while not x & 0xFF:
+#             while x & ((1 << p) - 1):
+#                 p >>= 1
+#             x >>= p
+#             t += p
+#     return t + _small_trailing[x & 0xFF]
+
+
+# def bit_scan0(x, n=0):
+#     return bit_scan1(x + (1 << n), n)
+
+
+# def remove(x, f):
+#     if f < 2:
+#         raise ValueError("factor must be > 1")
+#     if x == 0:
+#         return 0, 0
+#     if f == 2:
+#         b = bit_scan1(x)
+#         return x >> b, b
+#     m = 0
+#     y, rem = divmod(x, f)
+#     while not rem:
+#         x = y
+#         m += 1
+#         if m > 5:
+#             pow_list = [f**2]
+#             while pow_list:
+#                 _f = pow_list[-1]
+#                 y, rem = divmod(x, _f)
+#                 if not rem:
+#                     m += 1 << len(pow_list)
+#                     x = y
+#                     pow_list.append(_f**2)
+#                 else:
+#                     pow_list.pop()
+#         y, rem = divmod(x, f)
+#     return x, m
+
+
+# def factorial(x):
+#     """Return x!."""
+#     return int(mlib.ifac(int(x)))
+
+
+# def sqrt(x):
+#     """Integer square root of x."""
+#     return int(mlib.isqrt(int(x)))
+
+
+# def sqrtrem(x):
+#     """Integer square root of x and remainder."""
+#     s, r = mlib.sqrtrem(int(x))
+#     return (int(s), int(r))
+
+
+# if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+#     # As of Python 3.9 these can take multiple arguments
+#     gcd = math.gcd
+#     lcm = math.lcm
+
+# else:
+#     # Until python 3.8 is no longer supported
+#     from functools import reduce
+
+
+#     def gcd(*args):
+#         """gcd of multiple integers."""
+#         return reduce(math.gcd, args, 0)
+
+
+#     def lcm(*args):
+#         """lcm of multiple integers."""
+#         if 0 in args:
+#             return 0
+#         return reduce(lambda x, y: x*y//math.gcd(x, y), args, 1)
+
+
+def _sign(n):
+    if n < 0:
+        return -1, -n
+    return 1, n
+
+
+def gcdext(a, b):
+    if not a or not b:
+        g = abs(a) or abs(b)
+        if not g:
+            return (0, 0, 0)
+        return (g, a // g, b // g)
+
+    x_sign, a = _sign(a)
+    y_sign, b = _sign(b)
+    x, r = 1, 0
+    y, s = 0, 1
+
+    while b:
+        q, c = divmod(a, b)
+        a, b = b, c
+        x, r = r, x - q*r
+        y, s = s, y - q*s
+
+    return (a, x * x_sign, y * y_sign)
+
+
+# def is_square(x):
+#     """Return True if x is a square number."""
+#     if x < 0:
+#         return False
+
+#     # Note that the possible values of y**2 % n for a given n are limited.
+#     # For example, when n=4, y**2 % n can only take 0 or 1.
+#     # In other words, if x % 4 is 2 or 3, then x is not a square number.
+#     # Mathematically, it determines if it belongs to the set {y**2 % n},
+#     # but implementationally, it can be realized as a logical conjunction
+#     # with an n-bit integer.
+#     # see https://mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?p=110896
+#     # def magic(n):
+#     #     s = {y**2 % n for y in range(n)}
+#     #     s = set(range(n)) - s
+#     #     return sum(1 << bit for bit in s)
+#     # >>> print(hex(magic(128)))
+#     # 0xfdfdfdedfdfdfdecfdfdfdedfdfcfdec
+#     # >>> print(hex(magic(99)))
+#     # 0x5f6f9ffb6fb7ddfcb75befdec
+#     # >>> print(hex(magic(91)))
+#     # 0x6fd1bfcfed5f3679d3ebdec
+#     # >>> print(hex(magic(85)))
+#     # 0xdef9ae771ffe3b9d67dec
+#     if 0xfdfdfdedfdfdfdecfdfdfdedfdfcfdec & (1 << (x & 127)):
+#         return False  # e.g. 2, 3
+#     m = x % 765765 # 765765 = 99 * 91 * 85
+#     if 0x5f6f9ffb6fb7ddfcb75befdec & (1 << (m % 99)):
+#         return False  # e.g. 17, 68
+#     if 0x6fd1bfcfed5f3679d3ebdec & (1 << (m % 91)):
+#         return False  # e.g. 97, 388
+#     if 0xdef9ae771ffe3b9d67dec & (1 << (m % 85)):
+#         return False  # e.g. 793, 1408
+#     return mlib.sqrtrem(int(x))[1] == 0
+
+
+# def invert(x, m):
+#     """Modular inverse of x modulo m.
+
+#     Returns y such that x*y == 1 mod m.
+
+#     Uses ``math.pow`` but reproduces the behaviour of ``gmpy2.invert``
+#     which raises ZeroDivisionError if no inverse exists.
+#     """
+#     try:
+#         return pow(x, -1, m)
+#     except ValueError:
+#         raise ZeroDivisionError("invert() no inverse exists")
+
+
+# def legendre(x, y):
+#     """Legendre symbol (x / y).
+
+#     Following the implementation of gmpy2,
+#     the error is raised only when y is an even number.
+#     """
+#     if y <= 0 or not y % 2:
+#         raise ValueError("y should be an odd prime")
+#     x %= y
+#     if not x:
+#         return 0
+#     if pow(x, (y - 1) // 2, y) == 1:
+#         return 1
+#     return -1
+
+
+# def jacobi(x, y):
+#     """Jacobi symbol (x / y)."""
+#     if y <= 0 or not y % 2:
+#         raise ValueError("y should be an odd positive integer")
+#     x %= y
+#     if not x:
+#         return int(y == 1)
+#     if y == 1 or x == 1:
+#         return 1
+#     if gcd(x, y) != 1:
+#         return 0
+#     j = 1
+#     while x != 0:
+#         while x % 2 == 0 and x > 0:
+#             x >>= 1
+#             if y % 8 in [3, 5]:
+#                 j = -j
+#         x, y = y, x
+#         if x % 4 == y % 4 == 3:
+#             j = -j
+#         x %= y
+#     return j
+
+
+# def kronecker(x, y):
+#     """Kronecker symbol (x / y)."""
+#     if gcd(x, y) != 1:
+#         return 0
+#     if y == 0:
+#         return 1
+#     sign = -1 if y < 0 and x < 0 else 1
+#     y = abs(y)
+#     s = bit_scan1(y)
+#     y >>= s
+#     if s % 2 and x % 8 in [3, 5]:
+#         sign = -sign
+#     return sign * jacobi(x, y)
+
+
+# def iroot(y, n):
+#     if y < 0:
+#         raise ValueError("y must be nonnegative")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("n must be positive")
+#     if y in (0, 1):
+#         return y, True
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return y, True
+#     if n == 2:
+#         x, rem = mlib.sqrtrem(y)
+#         return int(x), not rem
+#     if n >= y.bit_length():
+#         return 1, False
+#     # Get initial estimate for Newton's method. Care must be taken to
+#     # avoid overflow
+#     try:
+#         guess = int(y**(1./n) + 0.5)
+#     except OverflowError:
+#         exp = math.log2(y)/n
+#         if exp > 53:
+#             shift = int(exp - 53)
+#             guess = int(2.0**(exp - shift) + 1) << shift
+#         else:
+#             guess = int(2.0**exp)
+#     if guess > 2**50:
+#         # Newton iteration
+#         xprev, x = -1, guess
+#         while 1:
+#             t = x**(n - 1)
+#             xprev, x = x, ((n - 1)*x + y//t)//n
+#             if abs(x - xprev) < 2:
+#                 break
+#     else:
+#         x = guess
+#     # Compensate
+#     t = x**n
+#     while t < y:
+#         x += 1
+#         t = x**n
+#     while t > y:
+#         x -= 1
+#         t = x**n
+#     return x, t == y
+
+
+# def is_fermat_prp(n, a):
+#     if a < 2:
+#         raise ValueError("is_fermat_prp() requires 'a' greater than or equal to 2")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_fermat_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     a %= n
+#     if gcd(n, a) != 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_fermat_prp() requires gcd(n,a) == 1")
+#     return pow(a, n - 1, n) == 1
+
+
+# def is_euler_prp(n, a):
+#     if a < 2:
+#         raise ValueError("is_euler_prp() requires 'a' greater than or equal to 2")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_euler_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     a %= n
+#     if gcd(n, a) != 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_euler_prp() requires gcd(n,a) == 1")
+#     return pow(a, n >> 1, n) == jacobi(a, n) % n
+
+
+# def _is_strong_prp(n, a):
+#     s = bit_scan1(n - 1)
+#     a = pow(a, n >> s, n)
+#     if a == 1 or a == n - 1:
+#         return True
+#     for _ in range(s - 1):
+#         a = pow(a, 2, n)
+#         if a == n - 1:
+#             return True
+#         if a == 1:
+#             return False
+#     return False
+
+
+# def is_strong_prp(n, a):
+#     if a < 2:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_prp() requires 'a' greater than or equal to 2")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     a %= n
+#     if gcd(n, a) != 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_prp() requires gcd(n,a) == 1")
+#     return _is_strong_prp(n, a)
+
+
+# def _lucas_sequence(n, P, Q, k):
+#     r"""Return the modular Lucas sequence (U_k, V_k, Q_k).
+
+#     Explanation
+#     ===========
+
+#     Given a Lucas sequence defined by P, Q, returns the kth values for
+#     U and V, along with Q^k, all modulo n. This is intended for use with
+#     possibly very large values of n and k, where the combinatorial functions
+#     would be completely unusable.
+
+#     .. math ::
+#         U_k = \begin{cases}
+#              0 & \text{if } k = 0\\
+#              1 & \text{if } k = 1\\
+#              PU_{k-1} - QU_{k-2} & \text{if } k > 1
+#         \end{cases}\\
+#         V_k = \begin{cases}
+#              2 & \text{if } k = 0\\
+#              P & \text{if } k = 1\\
+#              PV_{k-1} - QV_{k-2} & \text{if } k > 1
+#         \end{cases}
+
+#     The modular Lucas sequences are used in numerous places in number theory,
+#     especially in the Lucas compositeness tests and the various n + 1 proofs.
+
+#     Parameters
+#     ==========
+
+#     n : int
+#         n is an odd number greater than or equal to 3
+#     P : int
+#     Q : int
+#         D determined by D = P**2 - 4*Q is non-zero
+#     k : int
+#         k is a nonnegative integer
+
+#     Returns
+#     =======
+
+#     U, V, Qk : (int, int, int)
+#         `(U_k \bmod{n}, V_k \bmod{n}, Q^k \bmod{n})`
+
+#     Examples
+#     ========
+
+#     >>> from sympy.external.ntheory import _lucas_sequence
+#     >>> N = 10**2000 + 4561
+#     >>> sol = U, V, Qk = _lucas_sequence(N, 3, 1, N//2); sol
+#     (0, 2, 1)
+
+#     References
+#     ==========
+
+#     .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_sequence
+
+#     """
+#     if k == 0:
+#         return (0, 2, 1)
+#     D = P**2 - 4*Q
+#     U = 1
+#     V = P
+#     Qk = Q % n
+#     if Q == 1:
+#         # Optimization for extra strong tests.
+#         for b in bin(k)[3:]:
+#             U = (U*V) % n
+#             V = (V*V - 2) % n
+#             if b == "1":
+#                 U, V = U*P + V, V*P + U*D
+#                 if U & 1:
+#                     U += n
+#                 if V & 1:
+#                     V += n
+#                 U, V = U >> 1, V >> 1
+#     elif P == 1 and Q == -1:
+#         # Small optimization for 50% of Selfridge parameters.
+#         for b in bin(k)[3:]:
+#             U = (U*V) % n
+#             if Qk == 1:
+#                 V = (V*V - 2) % n
+#             else:
+#                 V = (V*V + 2) % n
+#                 Qk = 1
+#             if b == "1":
+#                 # new_U = (U + V) // 2
+#                 # new_V = (5*U + V) // 2 = 2*U + new_U
+#                 U, V  = U + V, U << 1
+#                 if U & 1:
+#                     U += n
+#                 U >>= 1
+#                 V += U
+#                 Qk = -1
+#         Qk %= n
+#     elif P == 1:
+#         for b in bin(k)[3:]:
+#             U = (U*V) % n
+#             V = (V*V - 2*Qk) % n
+#             Qk *= Qk
+#             if b == "1":
+#                 # new_U = (U + V) // 2
+#                 # new_V = new_U - 2*Q*U
+#                 U, V  = U + V, (Q*U) << 1
+#                 if U & 1:
+#                     U += n
+#                 U >>= 1
+#                 V = U - V
+#                 Qk *= Q
+#             Qk %= n
+#     else:
+#         # The general case with any P and Q.
+#         for b in bin(k)[3:]:
+#             U = (U*V) % n
+#             V = (V*V - 2*Qk) % n
+#             Qk *= Qk
+#             if b == "1":
+#                 U, V = U*P + V, V*P + U*D
+#                 if U & 1:
+#                     U += n
+#                 if V & 1:
+#                     V += n
+#                 U, V = U >> 1, V >> 1
+#                 Qk *= Q
+#             Qk %= n
+#     return (U % n, V % n, Qk)
+
+
+# def is_fibonacci_prp(n, p, q):
+#     d = p**2 - 4*q
+#     if d == 0 or p <= 0 or q not in [1, -1]:
+#         raise ValueError("invalid values for p,q in is_fibonacci_prp()")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_fibonacci_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     return _lucas_sequence(n, p, q, n)[1] == p % n
+
+
+# def is_lucas_prp(n, p, q):
+#     d = p**2 - 4*q
+#     if d == 0:
+#         raise ValueError("invalid values for p,q in is_lucas_prp()")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_lucas_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     if gcd(n, q*d) not in [1, n]:
+#         raise ValueError("is_lucas_prp() requires gcd(n,2*q*D) == 1")
+#     return _lucas_sequence(n, p, q, n - jacobi(d, n))[0] == 0
+
+
+# def _is_selfridge_prp(n):
+#     """Lucas compositeness test with the Selfridge parameters for n.
+
+#     Explanation
+#     ===========
+
+#     The Lucas compositeness test checks whether n is a prime number.
+#     The test can be run with arbitrary parameters ``P`` and ``Q``, which also change the performance of the test.
+#     So, which parameters are most effective for running the Lucas compositeness test?
+#     As an algorithm for determining ``P`` and ``Q``, Selfridge proposed method A [1]_ page 1401
+#     (Since two methods were proposed, referred to simply as A and B in the paper,
+#     we will refer to one of them as "method A").
+
+#     method A fixes ``P = 1``. Then, ``D`` defined by ``D = P**2 - 4Q`` is varied from 5, -7, 9, -11, 13, and so on,
+#     with the first ``D`` being ``jacobi(D, n) == -1``. Once ``D`` is determined,
+#     ``Q`` is determined to be ``(P**2 - D)//4``.
+
+#     References
+#     ==========
+
+#     .. [1] Robert Baillie, Samuel S. Wagstaff, Lucas Pseudoprimes,
+#            Math. Comp. Vol 35, Number 152 (1980), pp. 1391-1417,
+#            https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1980-0583518-6
+#            http://mpqs.free.fr/LucasPseudoprimes.pdf
+
+#     """
+#     for D in range(5, 1_000_000, 2):
+#         if D & 2: # if D % 4 == 3
+#             D = -D
+#         j = jacobi(D, n)
+#         if j == -1:
+#             return _lucas_sequence(n, 1, (1-D) // 4, n + 1)[0] == 0
+#         if j == 0 and D % n:
+#             return False
+#         # When j == -1 is hard to find, suspect a square number
+#         if D == 13 and is_square(n):
+#             return False
+#     raise ValueError("appropriate value for D cannot be found in is_selfridge_prp()")
+
+
+# def is_selfridge_prp(n):
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_selfridge_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     return _is_selfridge_prp(n)
+
+
+# def is_strong_lucas_prp(n, p, q):
+#     D = p**2 - 4*q
+#     if D == 0:
+#         raise ValueError("invalid values for p,q in is_strong_lucas_prp()")
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_selfridge_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     if gcd(n, q*D) not in [1, n]:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_lucas_prp() requires gcd(n,2*q*D) == 1")
+#     j = jacobi(D, n)
+#     s = bit_scan1(n - j)
+#     U, V, Qk = _lucas_sequence(n, p, q, (n - j) >> s)
+#     if U == 0 or V == 0:
+#         return True
+#     for _ in range(s - 1):
+#         V = (V*V - 2*Qk) % n
+#         if V == 0:
+#             return True
+#         Qk = pow(Qk, 2, n)
+#     return False
+
+
+# def _is_strong_selfridge_prp(n):
+#     for D in range(5, 1_000_000, 2):
+#         if D & 2: # if D % 4 == 3
+#             D = -D
+#         j = jacobi(D, n)
+#         if j == -1:
+#             s = bit_scan1(n + 1)
+#             U, V, Qk = _lucas_sequence(n, 1, (1-D) // 4, (n + 1) >> s)
+#             if U == 0 or V == 0:
+#                 return True
+#             for _ in range(s - 1):
+#                 V = (V*V - 2*Qk) % n
+#                 if V == 0:
+#                     return True
+#                 Qk = pow(Qk, 2, n)
+#             return False
+#         if j == 0 and D % n:
+#             return False
+#         # When j == -1 is hard to find, suspect a square number
+#         if D == 13 and is_square(n):
+#             return False
+#     raise ValueError("appropriate value for D cannot be found in is_strong_selfridge_prp()")
+
+
+# def is_strong_selfridge_prp(n):
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_selfridge_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     return _is_strong_selfridge_prp(n)
+
+
+# def is_bpsw_prp(n):
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_bpsw_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     return _is_strong_prp(n, 2) and _is_selfridge_prp(n)
+
+
+# def is_strong_bpsw_prp(n):
+#     if n < 1:
+#         raise ValueError("is_strong_bpsw_prp() requires 'n' be greater than 0")
+#     if n == 1:
+#         return False
+#     if n % 2 == 0:
+#         return n == 2
+#     return _is_strong_prp(n, 2) and _is_strong_selfridge_prp(n)

ccxt/static_dependencies/sympy/external/pythonmpq.py

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+"""
+PythonMPQ: Rational number type based on Python integers.
+
+This class is intended as a pure Python fallback for when gmpy2 is not
+installed. If gmpy2 is installed then its mpq type will be used instead. The
+mpq type is around 20x faster. We could just use the stdlib Fraction class
+here but that is slower:
+
+    from fractions import Fraction
+    from sympy.external.pythonmpq import PythonMPQ
+    nums = range(1000)
+    dens = range(5, 1005)
+    rats = [Fraction(n, d) for n, d in zip(nums, dens)]
+    sum(rats) # <--- 24 milliseconds
+    rats = [PythonMPQ(n, d) for n, d in zip(nums, dens)]
+    sum(rats) # <---  7 milliseconds
+
+Both mpq and Fraction have some awkward features like the behaviour of
+division with // and %:
+
+    >>> from fractions import Fraction
+    >>> Fraction(2, 3) % Fraction(1, 4)
+    1/6
+
+For the QQ domain we do not want this behaviour because there should be no
+remainder when dividing rational numbers. SymPy does not make use of this
+aspect of mpq when gmpy2 is installed. Since this class is a fallback for that
+case we do not bother implementing e.g. __mod__ so that we can be sure we
+are not using it when gmpy2 is installed either.
+"""
+
+
+import operator
+from math import gcd
+from decimal import Decimal
+from fractions import Fraction
+import sys
+from typing import Tuple as tTuple, Type
+
+
+# Used for __hash__
+_PyHASH_MODULUS = sys.hash_info.modulus
+_PyHASH_INF = sys.hash_info.inf
+
+
+class PythonMPQ:
+    """Rational number implementation that is intended to be compatible with
+    gmpy2's mpq.
+
+    Also slightly faster than fractions.Fraction.
+
+    PythonMPQ should be treated as immutable although no effort is made to
+    prevent mutation (since that might slow down calculations).
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('numerator', 'denominator')
+
+    def __new__(cls, numerator, denominator=None):
+        """Construct PythonMPQ with gcd computation and checks"""
+        if denominator is not None:
+            #
+            # PythonMPQ(n, d): require n and d to be int and d != 0
+            #
+            if isinstance(numerator, int) and isinstance(denominator, int):
+                # This is the slow part:
+                divisor = gcd(numerator, denominator)
+                numerator //= divisor
+                denominator //= divisor
+                return cls._new_check(numerator, denominator)
+        else:
+            #
+            # PythonMPQ(q)
+            #
+            # Here q can be PythonMPQ, int, Decimal, float, Fraction or str
+            #
+            if isinstance(numerator, int):
+                return cls._new(numerator, 1)
+            elif isinstance(numerator, PythonMPQ):
+                return cls._new(numerator.numerator, numerator.denominator)
+
+            # Let Fraction handle Decimal/float conversion and str parsing
+            if isinstance(numerator, (Decimal, float, str)):
+                numerator = Fraction(numerator)
+            if isinstance(numerator, Fraction):
+                return cls._new(numerator.numerator, numerator.denominator)
+        #
+        # Reject everything else. This is more strict than mpq which allows
+        # things like mpq(Fraction, Fraction) or mpq(Decimal, any). The mpq
+        # behaviour is somewhat inconsistent so we choose to accept only a
+        # more strict subset of what mpq allows.
+        #
+        raise TypeError("PythonMPQ() requires numeric or string argument")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_check(cls, numerator, denominator):
+        """Construct PythonMPQ, check divide by zero and canonicalize signs"""
+        if not denominator:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError(f'Zero divisor {numerator}/{denominator}')
+        elif denominator < 0:
+            numerator = -numerator
+            denominator = -denominator
+        return cls._new(numerator, denominator)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new(cls, numerator, denominator):
+        """Construct PythonMPQ efficiently (no checks)"""
+        obj = super().__new__(cls)
+        obj.numerator = numerator
+        obj.denominator = denominator
+        return obj
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        """Convert to int (truncates towards zero)"""
+        p, q = self.numerator, self.denominator
+        if p < 0:
+            return -(-p//q)
+        return p//q
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        """Convert to float (approximately)"""
+        return self.numerator / self.denominator
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """True/False if nonzero/zero"""
+        return bool(self.numerator)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Compare equal with PythonMPQ, int, float, Decimal or Fraction"""
+        if isinstance(other, PythonMPQ):
+            return (self.numerator == other.numerator
+                and self.denominator == other.denominator)
+        elif isinstance(other, self._compatible_types):
+            return self.__eq__(PythonMPQ(other))
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """hash - same as mpq/Fraction"""
+        try:
+            dinv = pow(self.denominator, -1, _PyHASH_MODULUS)
+        except ValueError:
+            hash_ = _PyHASH_INF
+        else:
+            hash_ = hash(hash(abs(self.numerator)) * dinv)
+        result = hash_ if self.numerator >= 0 else -hash_
+        return -2 if result == -1 else result
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """Deconstruct for pickling"""
+        return type(self), (self.numerator, self.denominator)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Convert to string"""
+        if self.denominator != 1:
+            return f"{self.numerator}/{self.denominator}"
+        else:
+            return f"{self.numerator}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Convert to string"""
+        return f"MPQ({self.numerator},{self.denominator})"
+
+    def _cmp(self, other, op):
+        """Helper for lt/le/gt/ge"""
+        if not isinstance(other, self._compatible_types):
+            return NotImplemented
+        lhs = self.numerator * other.denominator
+        rhs = other.numerator * self.denominator
+        return op(lhs, rhs)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        """self < other"""
+        return self._cmp(other, operator.lt)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        """self <= other"""
+        return self._cmp(other, operator.le)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        """self > other"""
+        return self._cmp(other, operator.gt)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        """self >= other"""
+        return self._cmp(other, operator.ge)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        """abs(q)"""
+        return self._new(abs(self.numerator), self.denominator)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        """+q"""
+        return self
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """-q"""
+        return self._new(-self.numerator, self.denominator)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """q1 + q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, PythonMPQ):
+            #
+            # This is much faster than the naive method used in the stdlib
+            # fractions module. Not sure where this method comes from
+            # though...
+            #
+            # Compare timings for something like:
+            #   nums = range(1000)
+            #   rats = [PythonMPQ(n, d) for n, d in zip(nums[:-5], nums[5:])]
+            #   sum(rats) # <-- time this
+            #
+            ap, aq = self.numerator, self.denominator
+            bp, bq = other.numerator, other.denominator
+            g = gcd(aq, bq)
+            if g == 1:
+                p = ap*bq + aq*bp
+                q = bq*aq
+            else:
+                q1, q2 = aq//g, bq//g
+                p, q = ap*q2 + bp*q1, q1*q2
+                g2 = gcd(p, g)
+                p, q = (p // g2), q * (g // g2)
+
+        elif isinstance(other, int):
+            p = self.numerator + self.denominator * other
+            q = self.denominator
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._new(p, q)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        """z1 + q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            p = self.numerator + self.denominator * other
+            q = self.denominator
+            return self._new(p, q)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __sub__(self ,other):
+        """q1 - q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, PythonMPQ):
+            ap, aq = self.numerator, self.denominator
+            bp, bq = other.numerator, other.denominator
+            g = gcd(aq, bq)
+            if g == 1:
+                p = ap*bq - aq*bp
+                q = bq*aq
+            else:
+                q1, q2 = aq//g, bq//g
+                p, q = ap*q2 - bp*q1, q1*q2
+                g2 = gcd(p, g)
+                p, q = (p // g2), q * (g // g2)
+        elif isinstance(other, int):
+            p = self.numerator - self.denominator*other
+            q = self.denominator
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._new(p, q)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        """z1 - q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            p = self.denominator * other - self.numerator
+            q = self.denominator
+            return self._new(p, q)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """q1 * q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, PythonMPQ):
+            ap, aq = self.numerator, self.denominator
+            bp, bq = other.numerator, other.denominator
+            x1 = gcd(ap, bq)
+            x2 = gcd(bp, aq)
+            p, q = ((ap//x1)*(bp//x2), (aq//x2)*(bq//x1))
+        elif isinstance(other, int):
+            x = gcd(other, self.denominator)
+            p = self.numerator*(other//x)
+            q = self.denominator//x
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._new(p, q)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        """z1 * q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            x = gcd(self.denominator, other)
+            p = self.numerator*(other//x)
+            q = self.denominator//x
+            return self._new(p, q)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __pow__(self, exp):
+        """q ** z"""
+        p, q = self.numerator, self.denominator
+
+        if exp < 0:
+            p, q, exp = q, p, -exp
+
+        return self._new_check(p**exp, q**exp)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        """q1 / q2"""
+        if isinstance(other, PythonMPQ):
+            ap, aq = self.numerator, self.denominator
+            bp, bq = other.numerator, other.denominator
+            x1 = gcd(ap, bp)
+            x2 = gcd(bq, aq)
+            p, q = ((ap//x1)*(bq//x2), (aq//x2)*(bp//x1))
+        elif isinstance(other, int):
+            x = gcd(other, self.numerator)
+            p = self.numerator//x
+            q = self.denominator*(other//x)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._new_check(p, q)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        """z / q"""
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            x = gcd(self.numerator, other)
+            p = self.denominator*(other//x)
+            q = self.numerator//x
+            return self._new_check(p, q)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    _compatible_types: tTuple[Type, ...] = ()
+
+#
+# These are the types that PythonMPQ will interoperate with for operations
+# and comparisons such as ==, + etc. We define this down here so that we can
+# include PythonMPQ in the list as well.
+#
+PythonMPQ._compatible_types = (PythonMPQ, int, Decimal, Fraction)